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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price ： ウィキペディア英語版 Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price In competition law, before deciding whether companies have significant market power which would justify government intervention, the test of small but significant and non-transitory increase in price (SSNIP) is used to define the relevant market in a consistent way. It is an alternative to ad hoc determination of the relevant market by arguments about product similarity. The SSNIP test is crucial in competition law cases accusing abuse of dominance and in approving or blocking mergers. Competition regulating authorities and other actuators of anti-trust law intend to prevent market failure caused by cartel, oligopoly, monopoly, or other forms of market dominance. == History == In 1982 the U.S. Department of Justice Merger Guidelines introduced the SSNIP test as a new method for defining markets and for measuring market power directly. In the EU it was used for the first time in the ''Nestlé/Perrier'' case in 1992 and has been officially recognized by the European Commission in its "Commission's Notice for the Definition of the Relevant Market" in 1997.〔See Crai International discussion on the issue ().〕 The original concept is believed to have been proposed first in 1959 by economist David Morris Adelman of the Aston University.〔See M. A. Adelman, "Economic Aspects of the Bethlehem Opinion," Virginia Law Review, vol. 45 (1959), p. 686.〕 Several other individuals formulated, apparently independently, similar conceptual approaches during the 1970s.〔See Gregory Werden, "The 1982 Merger Guidelines and the Ascent of the Hypothetical Monopolist Paradigm," Antitrust Law Review, vol. 71 (2003), pp. 253-269.〕 The SSNIP approach was implemented by F. M. Scherer in three antitrust cases: in a 1972 Justice Department attempt to enjoin the merger of Associated Brewing Co. and G. W. Heileman Co., in 1975 during hearings on the U.S. government's monopolization case against IBM, and in a 1981 proceeding precipitated by Marathon Oil Company's effort to avert takeover by Mobil Oil Corporation.〔See F. M. Scherer, "On the Paternity of a Market Delineation Approach," working paper, American Antitrust Institute web site, January 2009.〕 Scherer also proposed the basic concept underlying SSNIP along with limitations posed by what has come to be known as "the cellophane fallacy" in the second (1980) edition of his industrial organization textbook.〔F. M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (1980), p. 517.〕 Historical retrospectives suggest that early proponents were unaware of other individuals' conceptual proposals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.